had+V3

an action/state before a moment in the past

Markers

by/by the time (+ Past simple), before (+ Past Simple/n), after (+ Past Perfect), just

Exercises

1. Open the brackets using Past Perfect

a) reason

1) I was late because I (miss) the bus.

2) He was tired because he (not, have) enough sleep.

3) They had little money left because they (spend) a lot on their holiday.

4) I was surprised because everyone (leave) earlier.

5) They were excited because they (win) the race.

6) I didn’t recognize her because I (see) her only once before.

7) We were impressed because we never (be) to a place like that before.

8) I didn’t know about the exam because no one (tell) me.

9) He failed the exam because he (not, prepare) properly.

10) I felt sorry because I (hurt) her feelings.

b) other uses

1) I lost the bracelet you (give) me.

2) We picked up the apples that (fall) from the tree.

3) I watched the film you (tell) me about.

4) I followed the recipe I (find) on the Internet.

5) I read the message that you (send) me.

6) It was the man I (meet) a few days before.

7) It was the song I (hear) many times on the radio.

8) It was the purse I (buy) in Istanbul.

9) It was the same painting I (see) in the Louvre.

10) It was the guitar I (sell) a few years before.

11) I knew he (not forgive) me.

12) I realized you (lie) to me and I (fall) for it.

13) I found out that they (steal) the money.

14) Suddenly I remembered that I (leave) the key at home.

15) I wondered if they (accept) the offer.

16) By the time we got to the cinema, the film (start).

17) We just (clean up) the mess when parents arrived.

18) I (collect) a lot of data before the interview.

19) After I (pick) her up we went shopping.

20) I (go) to bed by 11.